Parkinson's Disease

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Risk Factors

In a small number of cases worldwide there is a strong inheritance pattern. A genetic predisposition for Parkinson's disease is possible, with the onset of disease and its gradual development dependant on a trigger, such as trauma, other illness, or exposure to an environmental toxin.

The risk increases with age, as Parkinson's disease generally manifests in the middle or late years of life.

Causes

The cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown. Many researchers believe that several factors combined are involved: free radicals, accelerated aging, environmental toxins, and genetic predisposition.

It may be that free radicals—unstable and potentially damaging molecules that lack on electron—are involved in the degeneration of dopamine-producing cells. Free radicals add an electron by reacting with nearby molecules in a process called oxidation, which can damage nerve cells. Chemicals called antioxidants normally protect cells from oxidative stress and damage. If antioxidative action fails to protect dopamine-producing nerve cells, they could be damaged and, subsequently, Parkinson's disease could develop.

Dysfunctional antioxidative mechanisms are associated with older age as well, suggesting that the acceleration of age-related changes in dopamine production may be a factor.

Exposure to an environmental toxin, such as a pesticide, that inhibits dopamine production and produces free radicals and oxidation damage may be involved. In some cases, the use of certain drugs can produce parkinsonian symptoms (called drug-induced parkinsonism). These include chlorpromazine and haloperidol, drugs which are prescribed for psychiatric patients, and metoclopramide, which often is used to treat stomach disorders. Changing the medication or adjusting its dosage usually moderates or eliminates the symptoms.

Roughly one-fifth of Parkinson's disease patients have at least one relative with parkinsonian symptoms, suggesting that a genetic factor may be involved. Several genes that cause symptoms in younger patients have been identified. Most researchers believe, however, that most cases are not caused by genetic factors alone.

Parkinson's Disease, Risk Factors, Causes reprinted with permission from neurologychannel.com
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